Department of energy office of fossil energy federal energy technology center p. They can use a hydrogen fuel contaminated with carbon dioxide and an oxidizer of air or oxygen. A phosphoric acid fuel cell cogeneration system retrofit. Mass transport characteristics were determined using chronoamperometry to. Development of onsite phosphoric acid fuel cell units 23 maintenance. Pafc systems use primarily pt as catalyst both for hydrogen and oxygen electrodes. An introduction to fuel cells and hydrogen technology 3 dilute acid electrolyte platinum electrodes o2 h2 o2 h2 a of about one volt. Serious interest in the fuel cell as a practical generator did not begin until the 1960s, when the u. Stationary fuel cell power plants based upon phosphoric acid fuel cell pafc technology have been under development at united technologies corporation utc since the 1970s. Phosphoric acid fuel cells pafc currently represent one of the fuel cell technologies that have been demonstrated in many countries around the world and for many applications.
Phosphoric acid fuel cells pafc are a type of fuel cell that uses liquid phosphoric acid as an electrolyte. There are four primary types of fuel cells that are used for stationary combined heat and power chp applications. The electrodes are composed by dispersed platinum particles on a porous graphitic substrate 15. Due to the high temperatures at which mcfcs operate, these fuels are converted to hydrogen within the fuel cell itself by a process called internal reforming, which also reduces. Mar 31, 2018 the third edition of fuel cell systems explained is an updated version of a book that has always been essential reading for everyone entering into the fuel cell sector, be they student or industrial practitioner. Connecticut, provided information on the current costs of manufacturing their products and shared their. Set up of pafc these fuel cell use liquid phosphoric acid as electrolyte contained in a silicon carbide matrix placed between electrodes. Dynamic modeling a of phosphoric acid fuel cell pafc and.
Phosphoric acid fuel cell pafc applications of interest here include all. Pafc were developed around time alkaline fuel cells were developed in the 1960s. For example, it can convert a hydrocarbon fuel like propane gas into electricity without combustion. Hundreds of these batteries have been installed around the world. Phosphoric acid fuel cells pafcs use liquid phosphoric acid as an electrolytethe acid is contained in a teflonbonded silicon carbide matrixand porous carbon electrodes containing a platinum catalyst. Phosphoric acid fuel cell phosphoric acid electrolyte 40 80% efficiency 150. A study of the effect of electrode parameters on the mass transport characteristics of cathodes used for oxygen reduction in a phosphoric acid loaded polybenzimidazole membrane fuel cell is reported. For most fuel cell systems, the fuel is hydrogen, which can be extracted by several procedures. Capable of running on a variety of fuels, including hydrogen, natural gas, and biogas, fuel cells can provide clean power for applications ranging from less than a watt to multiple megawatts. Molten carbonate and phosphoric acid stationary fuel cells. The effects of these losses are perhaps most pronounced at intermediate current densities 100 to 500 macm2.
New applications for phosphoric acid fuel cells ntrs nasa. Development of phosphoric acid fuel cell stack of a varying fuel gas flow rate. Phosphoric acid fuel cells pafc operate at temperatures around 150 to 200 c about 300 to 400 degrees f. Wimer united states department of energy april 1997 u. For vehicles and smaller devices, the electrolyte could be an alkaline solution or a solid polymer membrane. Positively charged hydrogen ions migrate through the electrolyte from the anode to the cathode. Such cells have an orthophosphoric acid electrolyte that allows operation up to about 200 c 400 f. A fuel cell is an energy conversion device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Sep 23, 20 set up of pafc these fuel cell use liquid phosphoric acid as electrolyte contained in a silicon carbide matrix placed between electrodes. Phosphoric acid fuel cell an overview sciencedirect topics. Phosphoric acid fuel cells an overview sciencedirect topics.
Of the hydrogenoxygen fuel cell systems the most mature is the phosphoric acid fuel cell pafc. A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel often hydrogen and an oxidizing agent often oxygen into electricity through a pair of redox reactions. Developed in the mid1960s and fieldtested since the 1970s, they have improved significantly in stability, performance, and cost. Luczak 33 ptircr ptirfe usp 5,0,618, ternary alloy fuel cell catalysts and phosphoric acid fuel cell containing the catalysts, file date 5 sept 1989, issue date 7 may 1991. They are quite resistant to poisoning by carbon monoxide but tend to have lower efficiency than other fuel cell types in producing electricity. Two main categories of fuel cells fall in this cate gory.
Phosphoric acid fuel cells pafcs use an electrolyte composed by concentrated phosphoric acid h 3 po 4 dispersed in a silicon carbide matrix. However, phosphoric acid fuel cells are less efficient when they are used to generate only electricity. An evaluation of air breathing phosphoric acid matrix fuel cell units was carried out. Wellwritten and concise, the third edition maintains that tradition. This page contains fuel cell seminar and ppt with pdf report. Phosphoric acid fuel cells for stationary applications. As the name suggests, pafcs use phosphoric acid as the electrolyte.
Fuel cell seminar report with ppt and pdf parts of fuel cells there are 4 main parts anode cathode catalyst proton exchange membrane types of. Manual of phosphoric acid fuel cell power plant cost model. The book will then discuss the working principle of a fuel cell, its history, types of fuel cells, problems, applications, and its place and outlook in internationally. Mass transport characteristics of cathodes in a phosphoric. The heat produced can be used for space heating or other various purposes. Phosphoric acid electrolyte fuel cells wiley online library. In 1842 grove connected a number of gas batteries together in series to form a gas chain. Reformer hydrogen air electricity sewage treatment plant digester gas biomass plant biogas byproduct gas hydrocarbon heat air with a low concentration of oxygen hydrogen 11. Ohmic losses arising due to the resistive losses in the electrolyte and in the electrodes. A phosphoric acid fuel cell cogeneration system retrofit to a. Phosphoric acid fuel cell pafc applications of interest here include all possibilities. Mass transport characteristics were determined using chronoamperometry to measure the dynamic response of electrodes. This analysis includes fuel cell assemblies of various types, namely proton exchange membrane fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells and molten carbon fuel cells, having dimensions of power generation systems with generated power ranging from 5 kw up to 2.
Cost model of phosphoric acid fuel cell powerplant includes two parts. The scientific and technical sections are clear and logical, and lead the reader carefully through the complexities of fuel cell materials and operating conditions, from basic principles to specific. Farooque energy research corporation 3 great pasture road danbury, ct 06810 march 1 984 prepared for national aeronautics and space administration lewis research center under contract den3205 for u. The electrodes are made of carbon paper coated with a finely dispersed platinum catalyst bonded with teflon. Jul 14, 2008 the book will then discuss the working principle of a fuel cell, its history, types of fuel cells, problems, applications, and its place and outlook in internationally. Department of energy office of fossil energy national energy technology laboratory p. Technical and cost gap analyses were performed to identify pathways for reducing the costs of molten carbonate fuel cell mcfc and phosphoric acid fuel cell. Phosphoric acid fuel cells pafcs consist of an anode and a cathode made of a finely dispersed platinum catalyst on carbon and a silicon carbide structure that holds the phosphoric acid electrolyte. The electrolyte substance, which usually defines the type of fuel cell, and can be made from a number of substances like potassium hydroxide, salt carbonates, and phosphoric acid. Molten carbonate and phosphoric acid stationary fuel cells nrel.
One of the major differences between the systems is that the pafc system has a separate reformer. Outline of phosphoric acid fuel cell pafc package by. Fuel cells fuel cells are the most energy efficient devices for extracting power from fuels. Phosphoric acid fuel cells an overview sciencedirect. Phosphoric acid fuel cells pafc uses liquid form of phosphoric acid. The mechanism of proton conduction in phosphoric acid. Unlike alkaline, phosphoric acid, and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, mcfcs dont require an external reformer to convert more energydense fuels to hydrogen. There is a pdf file available on the internet that provides stepby step. There is a pdf file available on the internet that provides stepbystep. He used the electricity produced from the gas chain to power an electrolyzer, splitting water into hydrogen and. Cells were life tested with synthetic steam reformate at about 150c.
Apr 22, 2012 given the importance of phosphatebased systems in emerging fuel cell technologies 21,22,23 and biology 24,25, it is surprising that proton conduction in phosphoric acid has received much less. The main advantages are simple construction, thermal, chemical and electrochemical stability, and a low volatility of the. Energies free fulltext hydrogen fuel cell technology. Carbon corrosion in a phosphoric acid fuel cell was experimentally simulated by causing hydrogen starvation or by intentionally introducing defects e. One of the important character of pafc is stability that makes it an important fuel cell type for stationary apps. Think of a fuel cell like a battery in that it provides continuous dc electricity from a chemical reaction. Phosphoric acid fuel cells are around 85 percent efficient when they are used for the generation of heat and electricity. A phosphoric acid fuel cell cogeneration system retrofit to a large office building technical note david h. Phosphoric acid fuel cells pafcs operate at 150220 c, using a 100% phosphoric acid electrolyte retained in a silicon carbide matrix. Some of these cells were disassembled and investigat. The phosphoric acid fuel cell pafc is one of the few commercially available batteries. Distributed generation suitable for chp increased tolerance to fuel impurities expensive catalysts long startup time sulfur sensitivity.
An introduction to fuel cells and hydrogen technology by brian cook, heliocentris vancouver, canada whereas the 19th century was the century of the steam engine and the 20th century was the century of the internal combustion engine, it is likely that the 21st century will be the century of the fuel cell. Parkes, in reference module in materials science and materials engineering, 2016. Abstractthis paper presents the dynamics of a phosphoric acid fuel cell pafc and its associated power electronics. The electrochemical reactions that take place in the cell are shown in the diagram to the right.
C operating temp 11 mw units have been tested sulphur free gasoline can be used as a fuel the electrolyte is very corrosive platinum catalyst is very expensive. Phosphoric acid fuel cell pafc phosphoric acid electrolyte. Generally, platinum electrocatalysts are used in both anode and cathode. Fuelcell package application gas field natural gas chemical factory oil well lp gas. Due to the interaction of phosphoric acid with the platinum catalysts, the power density which is achieved by pafc is lower than in polymer electrolyte membrane. Phosphoric acid fuel cells molten carbonate fuel cells. The modeling of the power conditioning system for phosphoric acid fuel cell is discussed here.
Cost estimates are prepared for a given powerplant based on the equipment. Energies free fulltext hydrogen fuel cell technology for. Other articles where phosphoric acid fuel cell is discussed. Box 880 morgantown, west virginia 265070880 november 2004. The main advantages are simple construction, thermal, chemical and electrochemical stability, and a low volatility of the electrolyte i. Solid oxide fuel cell make electricity from natural gas duration. Alternative sources of energy an introduction to fuel cells. The number of units built exceeds any other fuel cell technology, with over 85 mw of demonstrators that have been tested, are being tested, or are being fabricated worldwide. Utc has manufactured and installed more than 250 200kw pafc power plants worldwide. Given the importance of phosphatebased systems in emerging fuel cell technologies 21,22,23 and biology 24,25, it is surprising that proton conduction in phosphoric acid. The phosphoric acid fuel cell uses a liquid phosphoric acid electrolyte in a silicone carbide matrix to carry hydrogen ions from the anode to the cathode. An overview of fuel cells currently under development. This edition introduces the basic principles of thermodynamics and electrochemical kinetics pertinent to the understanding of fuel. Fundamentals and applications phosphoric acid fuel cells pafc currently represent one of the fuel cell.
Safcell solid acid fuel cells convert fuel into electricity. The simulation is done using matlabsimulink and its power system blockset psb. It operates at 150190c and pressure ranging from ambient. The storage and transfer of phosphoric acid is the same for all the acids and does not depend on the method of production. Collecting the history of phosphoric acid fuel cells. The fuel cells are designed for ease of use and many years of service. They were the first fuel cells to be commercialized. Fuel cells are different from most batteries in requiring a continuous source of fuel and oxygen usually from air to sustain the chemical reaction, whereas in a battery the chemical energy usually comes. High temperature fuel cell phosphoric acid manufacturing. Minh, in science and engineering of hydrogenbased energy technologies, 2019. Sumit thakur ece seminars fuel cell seminar and ppt with pdf report. The phosphoric acid fuel cell pafc was the first fuel cell technology to be commercialized. Fuel cells furnished power for the gemini and apollo spacecraft, and still provide electricity and.
Fuel cell seminar report with ppt and pdf study mafia. Development of onsite phosphoric acid fuel cell units. It operates at 150190c and pressure ranging from ambient to 5 atm. One advantage of pafc cells is that at 200 degrees c they tolerate a co concentration of about 1. In both the electric utility and onsite integrated energy system applications, reducing cost and increasing reliability are the main technology drivers. In addition, phosphoric acid is a poor ionic conductor at lower temperatures and co poisoning of the pt electrocatalyst in the anode becomes severe. Bilal abderezzak, in introduction to transfer phenomena in pem fuel cell, 2018. Creates electricity through electrochemical process. Ever since its initial publication, fuel cell systems explained has been one of the most approachable books on the subject.
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